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What changed for individuals under the
One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA)?

The key provisions for individuals are as follows:

New deduction for seniors - For tax years 2025-2028, qualified individuals age 65 or older may claim a $6,000 deduction. This deduction is subject to a modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) limit of $150,000 for Married filing jointly (MFJ) status and $75,000 for all others. The deduction is reduced by 6% of MAGI in excess of these limits.

No tax on tips - Effective tax years 2025-2028, individuals may deduct up to $25,000 of reported qualified tips. This deduction applies to both itemizers and non-itemizers and is phased out for individuals with MAGI over $150,000 ($300,000 for MFJ).

No tax on overtime pay - For tax years 2025-2028, individuals may deduct up to $12,500 ($25,000 for MFJ) of qualified overtime compensation. This deduction is available to both itemizers and non-itemizers and is phased out for individuals with MAGI over $150,000 ($300,000 for MFJ).

Car loan interest - Effective tax years 2025-2028, individuals may deduct up to $10,000 per year of interest on qualified personal car loans. This deduction is phased out for taxpayers with MAGI of $200,000 for MFJ and $100,000 for all others. The car must be assembled in the United States.

State and local tax (SALT) deduction - Prior to OBBBA, individuals were permitted a maximum SALT deduction of $10,000, or $5,000 for Married filing separately (MFS) status. Under the new law, the cap increases to $40,000 ($20,000 for MFS) starting in 2025. This deduction is reduced by 30% of the excess over $500,000 MAGI ($250,000 for MFS).

Child tax credit (CTC) - Before OBBBA, the CTC provided a nonrefundable credit amount of $2,000 per eligible child, of which up to $1,400 was refundable (indexed for inflation). Under the new law, the nonrefundable credit amount has permanently increased to $2,200 per eligible child for 2025. The refundable credit remains $1,400. These amounts will be indexed for inflation starting in 2026.

Standard deduction - Prior to OBBBA, the standard deduction for 2025 was set at $15,000 for Single filers, $22,500 for Head of household (HOH), and $30,000 for MFJ. The new law permanently increases the 2025 standard deduction to $15,750 for Single filers, $23,625 for HOH, and $31,500 for MFJ. These amounts will be indexed annually for inflation.

Green energy tax credits - Before OBBBA, Federal green energy tax credits were available through various dates. Under the new law, certain credits have been repealed. The clean vehicle credit expired on 9/30/2025. Also, 2025 is the last year for the energy efficient home improvement credit.

Limit on itemized deductions - Beginning in 2026, certain high-income individuals are subject to a reduction in their itemized deductions. The reduction is calculated as 2/37 of the lesser of: 1) total itemized deductions, or 2) the amount by which income exceeds the 37% bracket threshold.

Charitable contributions - Prior to OBBBA, individuals had to itemize in order to deduct charitable contributions. The total deduction was subject to certain adjusted gross income (AGI) limits. Under the new law, starting in 2026 charitable contributions deducted on Schedule A will be reduced by 0.5% of AGI. Individuals that do not itemize will be allowed to deduct charitable contributions of up to $1,000 ($2,000 for MFJ) per year.

The IRS sent me a Notice. What should I do?

When an IRS Notice or Letter is received, the taxpayer should first note the date by which the IRS has requested a response. Both individuals and businesses generally have 30 days from the Notice date to contact the IRS before the agency proceeds with the enforcement process. A significant percentage of the response period can be taken up by IRS administrative time, plus the number of days the letter spent being delivered through USPS. Therefore, it is common for taxpayers to receive Notices which provide two to three weeks of actual response time.

Once the response deadline has been observed, the next step is to review the contents of the Notice to determine why it was sent. Not all Notices or Letters are punitive. Many of them request basic information from taxpayers. Others simply advise the taxpayer that the IRS requires additional time (usually 60 days) to review the taxpayer’s information and any recent communications. Because of this, receipt of a Notice should not be immediately perceived as a negative event. Notices and Letters are the IRS’ primary means of communicating with taxpayers, and each item received should be evaluated on an individual basis.

If the taxpayer understands the contents of the Notice and can respond without professional assistance, they may do so by first calling the IRS at the phone number listed on the Notice. The taxpayer should have the Notice on hand when calling, as the IRS agent will usually ask for the Notice number. This allows the agent to understand the purpose of the call.

Taxpayers that need additional time to provide the IRS with information may request that a hold is placed on their account. Depending on the situation, IRS agents often accommodate this request. Accrual of penalties and interest may cease during this time. The standard hold period is nine weeks.

Taxpayers that repeatedly call the IRS and are unable to resolve the issue shown on the Notice may escalate the resolution process by submitting a formal written response. The Notice will contain an IRS mailing address where correspondence should be sent. Letters to the IRS should separately list the taxpayer’s legal name, Taxpayer Identification Number, or TIN (generally the SSN or EIN), mailing address, the IRS Form addressed in the Notice, and the period(s) to which the Form pertains. The contents of the taxpayer’s letter should provide the IRS with the requested information in plain language. The taxpayer should send the letter through certified mail and include a copy of the Notice containing all pages.

If multiple phone calls and letters have proven insufficient, taxpayers may contact the Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS). TAS is an independent organization within the IRS which helps taxpayers with items that cannot be resolved through standard communication channels. When corresponding with TAS, taxpayers are assigned a designated IRS agent that works on their behalf.

Note this general guidance does not apply to every situation, as some Notices and Letters specify a particular response format and timeline. Taxpayers should refer to IRS instructions where provided.

What’s on my paystub?

Paystubs provide employees with a breakdown of their compensation earned within a pay period. There are six fundamental components to a paystub:

Gross income

-Pre-tax deductions

=Taxable income

-Taxes

-After-tax deductions

=Net pay

Gross income is the total of all compensation items received during the pay period.

Pre-tax deductions are amounts subtracted from gross income in arriving at taxable income. These amounts correspond to items that receive tax-favored treatment, such as traditional 401(k) contributions and health insurance premiums.

Taxable income added across all pay periods during a tax year is shown on Form W-2, box 1. Tax withholding is calculated based on this amount.

Taxes are amounts required to be withheld and deposited by the employer.

After-tax deductions are other amounts subtracted from taxable income in arriving at net pay. These amounts correspond to items that do not receive tax-favored treatment at the time of contribution. Some of these items, such as Roth 401(k) contributions, receive tax-favored treatment at the time of distribution.

Net pay is the amount of cash the employee receives through their paycheck or bank account deposit.

Many payroll providers issue paystubs that display a consolidated version of the components listed above. For instance, some may show three categories (gross income, deductions, and net pay). Regardless of the format, the underlying data is based upon the framework described here.

How do per diems work?

Per diems are daily amounts provided by employers to their employees to cover the cost of meals, incidental expenses, and lodging when the employees travel for business. To be eligible, an employee receiving a per diem must travel outside of their “tax home,” which is the metropolitan area in which they ordinarily work. (This is usually, but not always, the same metropolitan area in which they live.) Per diem amounts are established by the General Services Administration (GSA), rather than the IRS.

There are two types of per diems: meals and incidental expenses (M&IE) and lodging. Employers may choose to pay for either or both expense types. The GSA establishes per diems using a base rate across the US. Higher per diem limits apply in locations with a greater cost of living, known as non-standard areas (NSAs). There are approximately 300 NSAs in the US.

Per diems give employers a simple and cost-effective way of covering employee travel expenses. When these amounts are provided below or equal to statutory limits, there is no taxable income to the employee. Further, the employee is not required to substantiate the expenses, meaning they do not need to submit expense reports or receipts to their employer.

Per diem amounts in excess of statutory limits result in taxable income unless the accountable plan rules are satisfied. These rules are as follows:

The expense must have a substantial business purpose.
The employee must substantiate the expense within 60 days of when the expense was incurred, meaning they must submit an expense report and receipts to their employer.
The employee must return any excess reimbursement to their employer within 120 days of when the expense was incurred.

Employers should maintain a written policy for per diems and reimbursements which indicates that they intend on complying with the accountable plan rules.

What are estimated payments and why do they matter?

Estimated payments are amounts paid by individuals to the IRS throughout a tax year. These payments are made to cover portions of any projected Federal income tax liability not already withheld and deposited by the individual’s employer. Estimated payments are commonly made by individuals that are self-employed or retired, as they are not employed by another entity and thus do not have their estimated tax liability prepaid through the withholding process. These payments are due to the IRS based on a staggered quarterly schedule, with deadlines of April 15, June 15, September 15, and January 15.

Employees generally have the majority of their estimated tax liability withheld by their employer from wages and deposited with the IRS. If employees have taxable income obtained outside their job that is not subject to withholding, it may be necessary for the employees to make estimated payments. Employees can reduce the need to make estimated payments by reviewing their withholding periodically and submitting a new Form W-4, Employee’s Withholding Certificate, when appropriate. Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, functions as a reconciliation between an individual’s estimated tax liability (based on their withholding plus estimated payments) and their actual liability as calculated on the return. The difference between these amounts results in a balance due or refund.

Failure to make estimated payments when required can result in assessment of a penalty by the IRS. To avoid this penalty, the combination of withheld amounts plus estimated payments must exceed certain thresholds. Taxpayers can evaluate their year-to-date withholding and estimated payments using the IRS Tax Withholding Estimator. Individuals with complex tax situations may choose to have a pro forma return prepared mid-year. This process results in a comprehensive analysis which can be used to derive the optimal estimated payment amounts.

Disclaimer: The purpose of this blog is to provide educational content regarding topics relevant to individual taxpayers and employers. This content is intended to be general in nature and should not be relied upon with respect to any taxpayer’s specific situation.